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Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is equally effective in secondary acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) compared to de-novo ALL-a report from the EBMT registry
Sadowska-Klasa, A., Zaucha, J. M., Labopin, M., Bourhis, J. H., Blaise, D., Yakoub-Agha, I., Salmenniemi, U., Passweg, J., Fegueux, N., Schroeder, T., et al
Bone marrow transplantation. 2024
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Editor's Choice
Abstract
Secondary acute lymphoblastic leukemia (s-ALL) comprises up to 10% of ALL patients. However, data regarding s-ALL outcomes is limited. To answer what is the role of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in s-ALL, a matched-pair analysis in a 1:2 ratio was conducted to compare outcomes between s-ALL and de novo ALL (dn-ALL) patients reported between 2000-2021 to the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation registry. Among 9720 ALL patients, 351 (3.6%) were s-ALL, of which 80 were in first complete remission (CR1) with a known precedent primary diagnosis 58.8% solid tumor (ST), 41.2% hematological diseases (HD). The estimated 2-year relapse incidence (RI) was 19.1% (95%CI: 11-28.9), leukemia-free survival (LFS) 52.1% (95%CI: 39.6-63.2), non-relapse mortality (NRM) 28.8% (95%CI: 18.4-40), GvHD-free, relapse-free survival (GRFS) 39.4% (95%CI: 27.8-50.7), and overall survival (OS) 60.8% (95%CI: 47.9-71.4), and did not differ between ST and HD patients. In a matched-pair analysis, there was no difference in RI, GRFS, NRM, LFS, or OS between s-ALL and dn-ALL except for a higher incidence of chronic GvHD (51.9% vs. 31.4%) in s-ALL. To conclude, patients with s-ALL who received HCT in CR1 have comparable outcomes to patients with dn-ALL.
PICO Summary
Population
Adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, reported to the EBMT registry (n=9720)
Intervention
A detailed analysis cohort who were transplanted for secondary acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (s-ALL, n=80)
Comparison
Matched controls who were transplanted for de novo ALL (dn-ALL, n=80)
Outcome
The estimated 2-year relapse incidence (RI) was 19.1% (95%CI: 11-28.9), leukemia-free survival (LFS) 52.1% (95%CI: 39.6-63.2), non-relapse mortality (NRM) 28.8% (95%CI: 18.4-40), GvHD-free, relapse-free survival (GRFS) 39.4% (95%CI: 27.8-50.7), and overall survival (OS) 60.8% (95%CI: 47.9-71.4), and did not differ between solid tumour and haematological disease patients. In a matched-pair analysis, there was no difference in RI, GRFS, NRM, LFS, or OS between s-ALL and dn-ALL except for a higher incidence of chronic GvHD (51.9% vs. 31.4%) in s-ALL.
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Autologous versus allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for older patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. An analysis from the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation
Giebel, S., Labopin, M., Houhou, M., Caillot, D., Finke, J., Blaise, D., Fegueux, N., Ethell, M., Cornelissen, J. J., Forcade, E., et al
Bone marrow transplantation. 2023;58(4):393-400
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) with reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) is an option for elderly patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We retrospectively compared results of RIC-allo-HCT from either a matched sibling donor (MSD, n = 209) or matched unrelated donor (MUD, n = 209) with autologous (auto, n = 142) HCT for patients aged 55 years or more treated in first complete remission (CR1) between 2000 and 2018. The probabilities of leukemia-free survival (LFS) at 5 years were 34% for RIC-allo-HCT versus 39% for auto-HCT (p = 0.11) while overall survival (OS) rates were 42% versus 45% (p = 0.23), respectively. The incidence of relapse (RI) and non-relapse mortality (NRM) was 41% versus 51% (p = 0.22) and 25% versus 10% (p = 0.001), respectively. In a multivariate model, using auto-HCT as reference, the risk of NRM was increased for MSD-HCT (Hazard ratio [HR] = 2.1, p = 0.02) and MUD-HCT (HR = 3.08, p < 0.001), which for MUD-HCT translated into a decreased chance of LFS (HR = 1.55, p = 0.01) and OS (HR = 1.62, p = 0.008). No significant associations were found with respect to the risk of relapse. We conclude that for patients with ALL in CR1, aged above 55 years, auto-HCT may be considered a transplant option alternative to RIC-allo-HCT, although its value requires verification in prospective trials.
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Thiotepa-based regimens are a valid alternative to total body irradiation-based reduced-intensity conditioning regimens in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a retrospective study on behalf of the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the EBMT
Battipaglia, G., Labopin, M., Mielke, S., Ruggeri, A., Nur Ozkurt, Z., Henri Bourhis, J., Rabitsch, W., Yakoub-Agha, I., Grillo, G., Sanz, J., et al
Transplantation and cellular therapy. 2023
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Total body irradiation (TBI) at myeloablative doses is superior to chemotherapy-based regimens in young patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). However, in elderly and unfit patients, where reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens are preferred, whether a TBI- or chemotherapy-based approach is better, is unexplored. Thiotepa can be used as part of ALL conditioning regimens. The aim of the current study is to compare transplant outcomes after RIC with TBI- or thiotepa-based regimens in ALL. METHODS Included were patients aged ≥40 years undergoing allo-HSCT for ALL in first complete remission between 2000-2020, receiving a RIC regimen containing either TBI- (4-6 Gray, Gy) or thiotepa. RESULTS We identified a total of 265 patients, including 117 receiving TBI- and 148 receiving a thiotepa-based RIC regimen. In univariate analysis, no differences were observed in transplant outcomes (for TBI versus thiotepa: relapse, 23% versus 28%, p=0.24; non-relapse mortality, 20% versus 26%, p=0.61; leukemia-free survival, 57% versus 46%, p=0.12; overall survival, 67% versus 56%, p=0.18; graft-versus-host disease [GVHD]/relapse-free survival, 45% versus 38%, p=0.21; grade II-IV acute GVHD, 30% in both groups, p=0.84; grade III-IV acute GVHD, 9% versus 10%, p=0.89) except for chronic GVHD which was higher for TBI-based regimens (43% versus 29%, p=0.03). However, on multivariate analysis no differences in transplant outcomes were observed. CONCLUSION In patients ≥40 years receiving a RIC regimen, use of a thiotepa-based regimen may represent a valid alternative to TBI-based regimens as no differences were observed in the main transplant outcomes.
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Allogeneic HCT for adults with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia harboring IKZF1 gene mutations. A study by the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the EBMT
Giebel, S., Labopin, M., Socié, G., Beauvais, D., Klein, S., Wagner-Drouet, E. M., Blaise, D., Nguyen-Quoc, S., Bourhis, J. H., Thiebaut, A., et al
Bone marrow transplantation. 2020
Abstract
The presence of IKZF1 gene mutations is associated with poor prognosis of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). The goal of this retrospective study was to evaluate outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) in this population. Ninety-five patients transplanted in first (n?=?75) or second (n?=?20) complete remission (CR) from either HLA-matched sibling (n?=?32), unrelated (n?=?47) or haploidentical (n?=?16) donor were included in the analysis. The probabilities of the overall survival (OS) and leukemia-free survival (LFS) at 2 years were 55% and 47%, respectively. Relapse incidence (RI) was 32% while non-relapse mortality (NRM), 21%. The incidence of grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and chronic GVHD was 34% and 30%, respectively. The probability of GVHD and relapse-free survival (GRFS) was 35%. In a multivariate analysis positive minimal residual disease (MRD) status was associated with decreased chance of LFS (HR?=?3.15, p?=?0.004) and OS (HR?=?2.37, p?=?0.049) as well as increased risk of relapse (HR?=?5.87, p?=?0.003). Disease stage (CR2 vs. CR1) affected all, LFS, OS, GRFS, RI, and NRM. Results of allo-HCT for patients with BCP-ALL and IKZF1 mutations are generally improving, however, individuals with detectable MRD have poor prognosis and require additional intervention prior to transplantation.
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Comparison of reduced-intensity conditioning regimens in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia >45 years undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation-a retrospective study by the Acute Leukemia Working Party of EBMT
Peric, Z., Labopin, M., Peczynski, C., Polge, E., Cornelissen, J., Carpenter, B., Potter, M., Malladi, R., Byrne, J., Schouten, H., et al
Bone marrow transplantation. 2020
Abstract
The optimal reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) remains unclear. We retrospectively analyzed 417 patients > 45 years with ALL in first complete remission who underwent a matched sibling or unrelated allo-HSCT and compared outcomes between fludarabine/busulfan (FLUBU, n = 127), fludarabine/melphalan (FLUMEL, n = 190), and fludarabine-TBI (FLUTBI, n = 100) conditioning. At 2 years, there were no differences between the groups in terms of cumulative incidence (CI) of relapse (40% for FLUBU vs 36% for FLUMEL vs 41% for FLUTBI, p = 0.21); transplant-related mortality (TRM) (18% for FLUBU, 22% for FLUMEL, 14% for FLUTBI, p = 0.09); overall survival (55% for FLUBU, 50% for FLUMEL, 60% for FLUTBI, p = 0.62) or leukemia-free survival (43% for FLUBU, 42% for FLUMEL, 45% for FLUTBI, p = 0.99), but GVHD-relapse-free survival was significantly lower in the FLUTBI group than FLUBU and FLUMEL group (18% vs 35% vs 28%, p = 0.02). However, this difference was lost in the multivariate analysis when adjusted for the in vivo T-cell depletion. Finally, the FLUMEL regimen was shown to be an independent risk factor for a higher TRM (HR 1.97, 95% CI 1.05-3.72, p = 0.04). We conclude that the three most popular RIC regimens yield similar transplant outcomes.
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Impact of anti-thymocyte globulin on results of allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for patients with Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: An analysis by the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the EBMT
Giebel, S., Labopin, M., Czerw, T., Socie, G., Blaise, D., Ghavamzadeh, A., Passweg, J., Ljungman, P., Poire, X., Chevallier, P., et al
European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2018;106:212-219
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Editor's Choice
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) is widely used to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (alloPBSCT). The goal of this study was to retrospectively assess the effect of ATG on outcomes in the setting of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Ph+ ALL). METHODS In the analysis, 1170 adult patients undergoing alloPBSCT from human leucocyte antigen-matched sibling or unrelated donors in the first complete remission between 2007 and 2016 were included. ATG was used in 429/575 (75%) and 121/595 (20%) patients transplanted from unrelated or sibling donors, respectively. RESULTS The incidence of chronic GVHD was 35% for patients treated with ATG compared with 52% in those not receiving ATG (p < 0.001), while the rate of extensive chronic GVHD was 16% and 36%, respectively (p < 0.001). The probability of survival free from GVHD and relapse (GRFS) was 42% and 32%, respectively (p = 0.002). In a multivariate model, the use of ATG was associated with reduced risk of overall chronic GVHD (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.52, p < 0.001) and extensive chronic GVHD (HR = 0.46, p < 0.001). It was also associated with better GRFS (HR = 0.77, p = 0.007), despite increased risk of relapse (HR = 1.41, p = 0.02). No significant effect was found with regard to the risk of non-relapse mortality and overall mortality. CONCLUSIONS The use of ATG for patients with Ph+ ALL undergoing alloPBSCT is associated with reduced risk of chronic GVHD without impact on survival and therefore, could be considered. However, increased risk of relapse suggests the need for strict monitoring of minimal residual diseases and appropriate interventions after transplantation.
PICO Summary
Population
1170 adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Ph+ ALL) undergoing alloPBSCT
Intervention
Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG)
Comparison
No ATG
Outcome
In a multivariate model, the use of ATG was associated with reduced risk of overall chronic GVHD and extensive chronic GVHD. It was also associated with better GRFS, despite increased risk of relapse. No significant effect was found with regard to the risk of non-relapse mortality and overall mortality.
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Anti-thymocyte globulin improves survival free from relapse and graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with Philadelphia-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia: An analysis by the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the EBMT
Czerw, T., Labopin, M., Giebel, S., Socie, G., Volin, L., Fegueux, N., Masszi, T., Blaise, D., Chaganti, S., Cornelissen, J. J., et al
Cancer. 2018
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Editor's Choice
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mobilized peripheral blood stem cells are currently the predominant source of grafts for allogeneic transplantation (allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation [allo-PBSCT]), although, in comparison with bone marrow, their use is associated with an increased risk of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). Attempts to reduce the incidence of cGVHD include the addition of anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) to the pretransplant conditioning regimen. METHODS The goal of this retrospective study was to analyze the effect of ATG on allo-PBSCT outcomes for adults with Philadelphia-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-neg ALL). The primary endpoint was survival free from relapse, grade 3 to 4 acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), and cGVHD (ie, graft-versus-host disease-free/relapse-free survival [GRFS]). Nine-hundred twenty-four patients who underwent unmanipulated allo-PBSCT in their first complete remission between 2007 and 2016 were included. ATG was used in 97 of the 494 transplants from matched sibling donors (20%) and in 307 of the 430 transplants from human leukocyte antigen-matched (8 of 8 loci) unrelated donors (71%). RESULTS The use of ATG was an independent factor for an improved chance of GRFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.70; P = .0009). Furthermore, it was associated with a reduced risk of both grade 2 to 4 (HR, 0.66; P = .005) and grade 3 to 4 aGVHD (HR, 0.58; P = .03). Similarly, its addition reduced the incidence of both total (HR, 0.45; P < 10(-5) ) and extensive cGVHD (HR, 0.30; P < 10(-5) ) as well as nonrelapse mortality (HR, 0.58; P = .01). No significant effect was found with respect to leukemia-free or overall survival. However, an increased risk of relapse was noted for those who received ATG (HR, 1.40; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS Patients with Ph-neg ALL treated with allo-PBSCT benefit from the use of ATG in terms of improved GRFS. Its use may, therefore, be considered in this setting. Cancer 2018. (c) 2018 American Cancer Society.